A reference point theory of mergers and acquisitions. Pdf the effects of fear appeals on persuasion were investigated in a factorial experiment. Protection motivation theory pmt is a major the ory of behavioral change that attempts to explain the cognitive mediation process of behavioral change in terms of threat and coping appraisal. The cognitive process plays a key role in the process of decisionmaking, leading to behavioral change. Investment banking what is the motivation behind mergers. Motives of mergers synergy, growth, power, diversification. The opponentprocess theory of acquired motivation the costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain richard l.
Protection motivation theory and adolescent drug trafficking. We have appreciated earlier the importance of motivation in determining human behaviour. A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and. The the ory outlines two cognitive mediating processes forming a threat and a coping appraisal, respectively.
Combining motivational and volitional interventions to. However, empirical evidence does not support this hypothesis. Protection motivation theory in predicting cervical cancer. Protection motivation theory pmt provides a conceptual framework to investigate tobacco use.
A metaanalysis of studies on protection motivation theory. Protection motivation theory is an educational and motivational process. Protection motivation theory health psychology 1psy611. The current study focuses on the application of protection motivation theory to predicting and changing pro. Pmt a model to explain healthseeking or healthavoidance behavior. When an unconditioned stimulus, a reinforcer, or an innate releaser is repeatedly presented to human or animal subjects, three major affective phenomena are often observed. Mergers and acquisitions motives jrisy motis 1 toulouse school of economics ehess gremaq and university of crete jrissy. Dec 31, 2012 protection motivation theory is an educational and motivational process. These models are outlined in turn, their similarities and differences are noted, and common criticisms are discussed. A merger is a combination of two or more companies into one company. In conclusion, the psychometrical measurement suggests that the instrument was a valid and reliable tool for predicting chinese adolescents intention to engage in protective behaviors against schistosomiasis, indicating protection motivation theory was. Theory desi 1971 has suggested that is situations in which individuals are experiencing a high level of intrinsic motivation, the addition of extrinsic rewards for good performance may decrease intrinsic motivation.
The side that has the most interest in doing a deal probably has the least power because that party. To date, academic researchers have not yet proposed a complete theory that completely and perfectly integrates the synergy, private benefits and hubris hypotheses to explain why the three hypotheses can all be supported. The influence of employee motivation on productivity in a. This theory assumes that, people are not, by nature, lazy and unreliable. Thus, control theory provides an explanation of how individuals achieve and maintain their goals, whether individuals bring these goals with them or. Determination of preventive behaviors for pandemic. The theory considers that mergers and acquisitions activity has the potential social benefits. The protection motivation theory pmt, first introduced by rogers. Introduction mergers and acquisitions are a controversial phenomenon in corporate finance. A drop in employee motivation were experienced post the merger at transnet properties. Protection motivation theory is a theory that was originally created to help clarify fear appeals. Research that considers the motivation for corporate acquisitions takes essentially two forms. The protection motivation theory pmt originally aimed at explaining why people develop protection motivation and what role fearappeals play in this process.
Motivational theory in practice at tesco case study. Though managers and organisations have applied motivation theories to the same behaviour in. This theory proposes that we protect ourselves through a number of ways. Protection motivation theory and cigarette smoking among. Crossler dissertation submitted to the faculty of the virginia polytechnic institute and state university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in general business, accounting and information systems. The pmt builds on the theory of fear appeals and at its core lies the idea that the behavior of individuals is influenced by their threat. Fear appeals, one type of communication involving a threat, have been studied in marketing. How to keep employees motivated during mergers, acquisitions and restructures the business world is moving at an increasing pace, with constant internal and external pressures to perform and thrive in a competitive marketplace. Protection motivation theory definition of protection.
The most wellknown process theory of motivation is the reinforcement theory, which focused on. The effects of fear appeals on persuasion were investigated in a factorial experiment that was designed to test a combined model of protection motivation theory and selfefficacy theory. Application of the protection motivation theory in predicting. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if properly motivated.
Employee motivation and performance abstract the subject matter of this research. Methods a systematic screening of 2 databases was performed, resulting in the identification of 22 relevant studies with the total n 12,827. Both perceived severity and sensitivity are components of threat appraisal that in this study two components were small predicted of. This study compared a motivational intervention based on. It suggests that a person makes healthrelated choices based on the perception of risks and selfefficacy or of his vulnerability to illness and capacity to take effective action to avoid harm.
This research draws on the protection motivation theory pmt to investigate. A protection motivation might be an intention to adopt or adhere to a fitness program. The theory attempts to explain and predict what motivates people to change their behavior. A protection motivation theory is proposed that postulates the three crucial components of a fear appeal to be a the magnitude of noxiousness of a depicted event. This study aimed to use rogers protective motivation theory pmt to test a framework for drug use intention among adolescents. The impact of corporate social responsibility on intrinsic and extrinsic employee motivation a mixedmethod study of sodexo authors. The control construct describes ones selfconfidence in ones ability to mobilise motivation, cognitive resources, and actions needed to successfully complete a specific task within a given context. Mergers and acquisitions happen for a number of reasons that vary in significance across different regions, industries, and sectors, as well as over time. The threat appraisal results from intrinsic or extrinsic rewards, such.
Merger, employee motivation, operational combination stage, social identity theory. Protection motivation theory as a theoretical framework for understanding the use of protective measures article pdf available in criminal justice studies 283 july 2015 with 5,356 reads. A factorial design was employed to test the relative effectiveness of the four cognitive appraisal processes severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, and selfefficacy contained in the. To understand control theorys relevance to motivation, one need only substitute the control theory notion of internally represented desired state i.
Why does one brand become an object for motive achievement and not. Rogers expected the use of pmt to diversify over time, which has proved true over four decades. There are studies that concentrate on providing a theoretical analysis based on economic and behavioral theories and those which subject the theories to empirical tests. Understanding the determinants of individual security behavior robert e. An instrument based on protection motivation theory to. While it is clear that no single theory will never be able to address the full range of merger phenomena, reference points fill. Motivation in the workplace and the influence that it has on productivity can be seen as one. Protection motivation theory propounded by rogers in 1975 as explanation for this phenomenon towards predicting behaviours and redirecting actions towards health promotion are diligently examined. Crask the university of georgia protection motivation pm theory conceins how individuals process threats and select responses to cope with the danger brought about by those threats.
Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation. Application of protection motivation theory to investigate. Jun 15, 2016 protection motivation theory and cigarette smoking. According to pmt, four factors combine to predict an. Protection motivation theory rogers, 1983 the protection motivation theory was originally developed to explain how people respond to feararousing health problems. How to keep employees motivated during mergers, acquisitions. Rogers revised protection motivation theory pmt is a major health psychology theory aimed at explaining the cognitive mediation process of behavioral change in terms of threat and coping appraisal. This kind of effect may come from management, business, finance and so on. This theory merged out of the communication discipline. Stockwell from whom he purchased tea for sale on the stall. The study of motivation is mainly concerned with why people behave in a particular way. Summary a protection motivation theory is proposed that postulates the three crucial components of a fear appeal to be a the magnitude of noxiousness of a. Protection motivation theory pmt provides a cognitive conceptual framework to investigate tobacco use among adolescents. I propose a categorization of such motives based on the residual.
Psychometrics, self medication, protection motivation theory, aged citation. As only a brief description of the theory will be presented here, the interested reader should refer to. Protection motivation theory in a recent revision of protection motivation theory, rogers 1983 has added additional cognitive mediating processes. Theory y is positive, participating and democratic. Stage models use similar concepts but organize them in a different. The protection motivation theory deals with how people cope with and make decisions in times of harmful or stressful events in life.
A protection motivation theorybased scale for tobacco. Each of these communication variables initiates corresponding cognitive appraisal processes that mediate attitude change. These decisions are a way of protecting oneself from perceived threats. The study aims to look into the influence of motivation on productivity in this merger. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an instrument developed based on the protection motivation theory pmt to predict protective behavior intention against schistosomiasis among adolescents in china. This is one of the classic examples of the protection theory put to use. Protection motivation theory severity persepsi bhw kanker usus adalah suatu penyakit yang serius vulnerability persepsi bhw kemungkinan terkena kanker usus tinggi response effectiveness keyakinan bhw merubah diet akan meningkatkan kesehatan selfefficacy keyakinan bahwa saya dapat mengubah diet niat untuk mengubah diet. If an american company wants to set up a business in japan there is a need for them to know what motivates the japanese to work. Research article open access perceptions of vulnerability. Evidence from diverse sources implies that the dynamics of smoking behavior may be quantum in nature, consisting of an intuition and an analytical process, challenging the traditional linear continuous analytical approach. Galina biedenbach student umea school of business and economics spring semester 2015 degree project, 30 hp. Thus, the adoption of a health behavior is a temporal process from motiva tion, to decision. The threat and coping appraisal variables combine in a fairly straightforward way, although the relative emphasis may vary from. Protection motivation theory rogers, 1983 is partially based on the work of lazarus 1966 and.
Research and practice with social cognition models. Maddux and rogers 29 found selfefficacy to be the most powerful predictor of behavioural intentions that. Taylor and may 14 examined the utility of protection motivation theory in predicting. The result could be the first motivation megatheory in the behavioral sciences derived from combining different metaanalyses. The impact of corporate social responsibility on intrinsic. Generally, the motives of mergers are to enhance the competitiveness of new combined entity in the form of synergies, growth etc.
According to pmt, environmental and personal factors combine to pose a potential health threat. Protection motivation theory university of twente research. Business merger and acquisition motivation is to get through the acquisition of a synergistic effect, i. The protection motivation theory pmt is an established theory, originally developed to explain how to influence risky behavior and which components a persuasive message should include. The measurement scale was created by our research team with extensive feedback from researchers, school teachers and students. Process theories like skinners reinforcement theory, victor vrooms expectancy theory, adams equity theory, and lockes goalsetting theory set out to explain how motivation occurs and how our motives change over time.
Effects of components of protectionmotivation theory on. While similar theories like the social cognitive theory are frequently used to assess addictive behaviors and focus on aspects like selfefficacy, the pmt focuses on relevant cognitions. These two appraisal pathways combine to form protective motivation. Protection motivation theory suggests that as both threat and the likelihood of threat increase, individuals will engage in more adaptive and maladaptive behaviors tanner, hunt and eppright 1991, with the allocation of these behaviors dependent on selfefficacy. Protection motivation theory pmt is a major theory of behavioral change that attempts to explain the cognitive mediation process of behavioral change in terms of threat and coping appraisal. As protection is very important for any human life, this theory finds importance in any fashion designing course. The pmt builds on the theory of fear appeals and at its core lies the idea that. Psychometric properties of a protection motivation theory based questionnaire to assess self. The motivation behind corporate acquisitions and mergers. The purpose of this study is to compare motivation practices between america and japan. Further advancement in schistosomiasis prevention requires new tools to assess protective motivation, and promote innovative intervention program. Hence, the aim of this study is to apply protection motivation theory pmt and health action process approach hapa to promote womens. Since the study aims at analyzing the relevance and applicability of this theory to non managerial employees of public sector and private sector undertakings, a detailed discussion is important and imperative. Pdf relative contributions of protection motivation.
Accidents, childhood, injury, protection motivation theory. Application of protection motivation theory pmt and. Mcclellands acquired needs theory is also known as human motivation theory, motivational needs theory. Coping, protection, motivation, and previous behavior pdf. Apr 26, 2017 protection motivation theory pmt was developed by rogers in 1975, to describe how individuals are motivated to react in a selfprotective way towards a perceived health threat. Protection motivation theory and implementation intentions sarahmilne1, sheina orbell2and paschal sheeran3 1university of bath, uk 2university of essex, uk 3university of shef eld, uk objective. Motivation and involvement why are we motivated to consumer products and services. Exploring motivations for online privacy protection behavior.
The aim of the present paper is to combine the results of studies. It is used to understand the need for employees and create a strategy for the motivating process in the organization. Pdf protection motivation theory as a theoretical framework. Now, think about bulletproof jackets, thermal wear, swim suit, space suits, fire fighting suit, etc. The purpose of this paper is to explore how pmt can be used and expanded to inform and improve public safety strategies. A model incorporating protection motivation theory and selfefficacy theory is. The theoretical support for this practice is the expected value creation for shareholders once the transaction takes place. Protection motivation theory article about protection. Social marketers who are looking to use protection motivation theory will need to develop the appropriate products. Review of behavioural theories in security compliance and. Using metaanalyses to build theory, which is called megaanalysis, was originally suggested by schmidt 1992. Motivational theory in practice at tesco case study tesco began in 1919 with one man, jack cohen, a market stallholder selling groceries in london.
Protection motivation theory pmt was developed by rogers in 1975, to describe how individuals are motivated to react in a selfprotective way towards a perceived health threat. Keywords privacy, protective behavior, protection motivation theory, cookies. It is generally achieved through stock swap or outright payment to other company. Pmt alternate names na main dependent constructsfactors protection motivation the protection motivation concept involves any threat for which there is an effective recommended response that can be carried out by the individual floyd et al. Protection motivation theory pmt was developed by rogers in 1975.
Protection motivation theory can be applied to any threat for which there is an effective recommended response that can be carried out by the individual 31. This study is among only a few that utilized a theory based approach to understand smoking behavior in youth in china e. Athletes might fear to perform not at their best form if they do not attend training. Jul 08, 2016 according to this theory if the management of firm a is more efficient than the management of firm b and after firm a acquires firm b the efficiency of firm b is brought upto the level of efficiency of firm a. This theory develops new core beliefs in response to criticism of the health belief model roger, 1983. Managers and entrepreneurs must ensure that companies or organizations have a. In the current study, we developed and assessed a measurement scale for adolescent tobacco research in china based on protection motivation theory 14,6. There could be a switch in focus from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation. Protection motivation pm theory concerns how individuals process threats and select responses to cope with the danger brought about by those threats. The protection motivation theory proposes that people protect themselves based on four factors. Hatamzadeh n, morowatisharifabad ma, zamanialavijeh f, fallahzadeh h, mosaddegh mh. The purpose of this paper is to explore how pmt can be used and expanded to inform and improve public safety.
Basis for horizontal merger it may be social gain as well as private gain. Pdf protection motivation theory pmt was introduced by rogers in 1975. To examine factors longitudinally associated with cervical cancer screening uptake among rural chinese women, guided by protection motivation theory pmt. In this study, we applied the protection motivation theory pmt to understand cigarette smoking behavior among youth in a random sample of vocational high school students in wuhan, china. Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that. Thus, this study attempts to propose an integration theory. Psychometric properties of a protection motivation theory. Protection motivation stems from both the threat appraisal and the coping appraisal. Needbased theories of motivation individuals efforts to meet their needs motivated primarily by deficiencies on one or more important needs or need categories content theories they deal with the content or substance of what motivates behavior 2.
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